Expectancy Violations Theory: Understanding the Dynamics of Communication Surprises
Expectancy Violations Theory (EVT), developed by Judee Burgoon in the 1970s, offers a framework for understanding how unexpected behaviors in communication influence the interactions between individuals. This theory posits that people have expectations for how others should behave in social interactions, and when these expectations are violated, the outcome can be either positive or negative depending on various factors. EVT has significant implications for interpersonal communication, highlighting the complexity of human interactions and the importance of context, personal space, and nonverbal cues.
The Foundation of Expectancy Violations Theory
Expectancy Violations Theory is grounded in the idea that individuals have established expectations for social interactions. These expectations are shaped by cultural norms, personal experiences, and the specific context of the interaction. Burgoon suggested that when someone behaves in a way that deviates from these expectations, it causes an "expectancy violation," leading to heightened attention and evaluation of the unexpected behavior.
Key Components of EVT:
Expectancies: These are the anticipated behaviors or norms that individuals hold about others in various situations. Expectancies can be influenced by cultural background, individual personality, and the relational context.
Violation Valence: This refers to the positive or negative assessment of the unexpected behavior. Not all violations are perceived negatively; some can lead to favorable outcomes depending on how the behavior is interpreted.
Communicator Reward Valence: This concept evaluates the overall attractiveness or desirability of the violator. If the violator is seen as having high reward potential (e.g., being likable, high status), the violation may be perceived more positively.
Expectancies in Social Interactions
Expectancies play a crucial role in guiding social behavior and facilitating smooth interactions. They help individuals predict others' actions and respond appropriately. These expectations can be explicit, such as societal norms, or implicit, based on past experiences with a particular person.
Types of Expectancies:
Predictive Expectancies: These are expectations about what typically happens in a given context or with a particular person.
Prescriptive Expectancies: These are norms about what is considered appropriate behavior in a given context.
For example, in a professional setting, there is a prescriptive expectancy for formal language and respectful demeanor. When someone violates these expectations by using informal language or being overly casual, it can lead to varied interpretations based on the context and relationship between the individuals.
Violation Valence: Positive and Negative Reactions
The evaluation of a violation, known as violation valence, determines whether the unexpected behavior is perceived positively or negatively. This assessment is influenced by several factors, including the nature of the behavior, the context of the interaction, and the relationship between the individuals.
Positive Violations: When unexpected behaviors are perceived as positive, they can enhance relationships and communication outcomes. For instance, a surprise compliment or an unexpected act of kindness can create a positive impact and strengthen social bonds.
Negative Violations: Conversely, negative violations can lead to discomfort, confusion, or conflict. Examples include inappropriate jokes, breaches of personal space, or unprofessional conduct in a formal setting. Negative violations often require corrective measures to restore the expected norms and maintain relational harmony.
Communicator Reward Valence
The communicator reward valence assesses the overall attractiveness or value of the person committing the expectancy violation. This concept recognizes that individuals do not evaluate violations in isolation but consider the violator's overall desirability and relationship with them.
Factors Influencing Communicator Reward Valence:
Personal Attributes: Traits such as physical attractiveness, charisma, and competence can enhance a person's reward valence.
Relational Factors: The nature of the relationship (e.g., close friend, colleague, stranger) influences how violations are perceived.
Contextual Elements: The situational context can affect the interpretation of a violation. A behavior deemed inappropriate in one setting might be acceptable in another.
For example, a close friend making an off-color joke might be perceived more leniently than a stranger doing the same, due to the established relationship and positive communicator reward valence of the friend.
Applications of Expectancy Violations Theory
EVT has broad applications in various fields, including interpersonal communication, organizational behavior, and intercultural communication. Understanding how expectancy violations operate can help individuals navigate social interactions more effectively and improve communication outcomes.
Interpersonal Communication: In personal relationships, managing expectancy violations can be crucial for maintaining harmony and satisfaction. Being aware of partners' expectations and responding appropriately to violations can enhance relationship quality.
Organizational Behavior: In the workplace, expectancy violations can impact team dynamics and professional relationships. Leaders and employees who understand EVT can better manage unexpected behaviors, fostering a more collaborative and positive work environment.
Intercultural Communication: Cultural differences often lead to varying expectations and potential violations in cross-cultural interactions. Recognizing and respecting these differences can reduce misunderstandings and promote effective intercultural communication.
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